Grade 11 CIE Co-ordinated Science 0654

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Grade 11 CIE Co-ordinated Science 0654

Revision Ideas and Resources

eLearning

Chemistry

2: Particles, Atomic Structure, Ionic Bonding and the Periodic Table

C3.3 Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table
Concept Cartoons - C3.3
6 - Different materials, different atoms?

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Concept Cartoons - C1
1 - Can we compress gases and liquids?

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4 - How cold are things in a fridge?

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1 - When does water evaporate?

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2 - When does water vapour condense?

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3 - What happens when water freezes?

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  • 13 - How does a cold spoon get hot?

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Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Properies of Ionic Compounds
Properties of Covalent Compounds
Nomenclature

3: Air and Water

4: Acids, Bases and Salts

Acids, Bases and Salts

5: Reaction Rates

6: Metals and the Reactivity Series

7: Covalent Bonding

8: Organic 1

Polymerization
Addition Polymers

Photos of Addition Polymers

Monomers, Rugby Posts and Mechanism of Production

Polyacrylonitrile.mp4
Polystyrene.mp4
Polypropene.mp4
Polyethene.mp4

Mechanism of Free-Radical Polymerisation

Free-Radical Addition Polymerisation Mechanism ·J.Wilson

9: Amount of Substance

Lab Skills

Chemistry Past Paper Questions

Here is a PDF of all the past paper questions by topic.
It was kindly made by Mr. Smashing, I have made this into a list of topics for you to study:
Here are revision notes for the full chemistry component of co-ordinated science.
Here are the Command Terms (e.g. State, Explain, Draw, Suggest, Describe, Predict…)

Our Unit Number Topic Questions to do Which Questions to Try
1: Experimental techniques Topic 1 Answer all questions
2: Particles, Atomic Structure, Ionic Bonding and the Periodic Table and Particulate Matter, and 7: Covalent Bonding Topic 3 and Topic 9 Answer all questions
3: Air and water Topic 11 Skip iGda 13s31 Q8 (The addition of a harmful susbstance to the environment is called pollution) and all questions after iGda 09w31 Q3 (Some types of fertilizer have the letters NPK…)
4: Acids, Bases and Salts Topic 8 Answer all questions except the very last one
5: Reaction Rates Topic 7 and Topic 6 Answer all questions in Topic 7, Answer all questions except for the last question in Topic 6
8: Organic 1 Topic 14 Answer all questions except for iGda 10s31 Q7 (Polymer molecules exist in both natural substances and in ….)

Physics

5: Electromagnetism

Electromagnetism Objectives

6: Electricity 2

Electricity 2 Objectives

8: Mechanics 2

Mechanics 2 Objectives
iGCSE Cooridinated Science 0654 Mechanics 2 - JW.pptx

Addition of Vectors

Adding Vectors ·63
Adding Vectors ·56
Adding Vectors ·61

Resolving Vectors into Components

Resolving Vectors into Components ·56

Free-Body Diagrams, Forces and Newton's Laws

Biology

1 - Cells and cell processes

B1.1 Characteristics of living organisms

Life Processes.ppt
Example Videos
C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans) - Moving
Sea Urchins (Lytechinus pictus) - Cell Division
Sea Urchins (Lytechinus pictus) - Fertilization - Bottom of Page
Blood Cells - Human white blood cells
Stem Cells
Zebrafish - A model for heart development
Frogs: Princely models for science - Bottom of Page
Planaria: A window on regeneration
1 and 2 Describe the characteristics of living organisms by defining the terms:

  • movement as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position or place
  • respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
  • sensitivity as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external environment and respond to changes in the environment
  • growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
  • reproduction as the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
  • excretion as removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and substances in excess of requirements
  • nutrition as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds and ions and usually need water
B2.1 Cell structure

Cell Size and Scale
Animal Cell.ppt
Plant Cell.ppt
Specialised Cells.ppt
GCSE BBC Bitesize - Cells Revision
Spectroscopy and Microscopy Resolution Limits.pdf
Cilia and Goblet Cells.mp4 ·67
Microscope magnification powerpoint needs creating Basic Microscope Setup and Use.mp4
1 State that living organisms are made of cells
2 Describe and compare the structure of a plant cell with an animal cell, as seen under a light microscope, limited to cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, chloroplasts, vacuoles, and location of the cell membrane.
3 State the functions of the structures seen under the light microscope in the plant cell and in the animal cell.
4 Relate the structure of the following to their functions:

  • ciliated cells – movement of mucus in the trachea and bronchi
  • root hair cells – absorption
  • palisade mesophyll cells – photosynthesis
  • red blood cells – transport of oxygen
  • sperm and egg cells – reproduction.

5 Calculate magnification and size of biological specimens using millimetres as units.

B2.2 Movement in and out of cells

Movement Across Cells.ppt
Diffusion and SAV.ppt
Osmosis Practical.ppt
Molecular Polarity ·35
Neuron ·35
Membrane Channels - JAVA ·35 NOT MOBILE FRIENDLY
Diffusion ·61
Brownian Motion ·61
Diffusion of Bromine Vapor.mp4 ·7
Diffusion ·35
BBC Bitesize - Diffusion and Osmosis
Plant Cells and Osmosis - Turgid, Flaccid.mp4 ·67
1 Define diffusion as the net movement of particles from a region of their higher concentration to a region of their lower concentration down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement.
3 State that substances move into and out of cells by diffusion through the cell membrane.
2 Investigate the factors that influence diffusion, limited to surface area, temperature, concentration gradients and distance
4, 6 Define osmosis as the diffusion of water from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution), through a partially permeable membrane.
5 State that water moves in and out of cells by osmosis through the cell membrane.
7, 8 Investigate, describe and explain the effects on plant tissues of immersing them in different solutions by using the terms turgid, turgor pressure, plasmolysis and flaccid
9 Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis in the uptake of water by plants
10 Explain the importance of water potential and osmosis on animal cells and tissues

B4 Enzymes

Enzymes.ppt
Factors Affecting Enzymes.ppt
Enzyme Experiment.ppt
Enzymes Introduction.mp4 (Inhibitors section not needed)
New GCSE BBC Bitesize - Enzymes
Enzymes.mp4 ·67
1 Define enzymes as proteins that function as biological catalysts.
2 Explain enzyme action with reference to the complementary shape of the active site of an enzyme and its substrate, and the formation of a product.
3, 4 Investigate, describe and explain the effect of changes in temperature on enzyme activity in terms of kinetic energy, shape and fit, frequency of effective collisions and denaturation.
3, 5 Investigate, describe and explain the effect of changes in pH on enzyme activity in terms of shape and fit and denaturation.

2 - Animal nutrition

B3 Biological molecules

Balanced Diet.ppt
Balanced Diet 2.ppt
1 List the chemical elements that make up:

  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins.

2 State that large molecules are made from smaller molecules, limited to:

  • starch and glycogen from glucose
  • proteins from amino acids
  • fats and oils from fatty acids and glycerol.

3 Explain how age, gender and activity affect the dietary needs of humans including during pregnancy and whilst breast-feeding
4 State that water is important as a solvent.
6 Explain the causes and effects of protein-energy malnutrition, e.g. kwashiorkor and marasmus.

B3 Biological molecules (food tests)

Food Tests (Theory).ppt
Food Tests (Practical).ppt
Foods For Lamination.ppt
3 Describe the use of:

  • iodine solution to test for starch
  • Benedict’s solution to test for reducing sugars
  • biuret test for proteins
  • ethanol emulsion test for fats and oils
B6.1 Diet

ALL INCLUDED IN POWERPOINTS ABOVE
1 State what is meant by the term balanced diet for humans
3 Explain how age, gender and activity affect the dietary needs of humans including during pregnancy and whilst breast-feeding
4 Describe the effects of malnutrition in relation to starvation, constipation, coronary heart disease, obesity and scurvy
2 List the principal sources of, and describe the roles of:

  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • vitamins, limited to C and D
  • mineral salts, limited to calcium and iron
  • fibre (roughage)
  • water.

5 Explain the causes and effects of vitamin D and iron deficiencies.
6 Explain the causes and effects of protein-energy malnutrition, e.g. kwashiorkor and marasmus.

B6.2 Alimentary canal

Digestive System.ppt
Digestive System Model.ppt
The Digestive System
Kidney Excretory System Dissection GCSE A Level Biology Practical Skills
Liver Dissection GCSE A Level Biology Practical Skills
add more on these pancreas, liver, gall bladder and salivary glands
1 Define ingestion as the taking of substances, e.g. food and drink, into the body through the mouth
3 Define mechanical digestion as the breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
2, 4 Define chemical digestion as the breakdown of large, insoluble (food) molecules into small,
(water-) soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
5 Define absorption as the movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestine into the blood
6 Define assimilation as the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells.
7 Define egestion as the passing out of food that has not been digested or absorbed, as faeces, through the anus
8 Identify the main regions of the alimentary canal and associated organs, limited to mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder, large intestine and anus
9 Describe the functions of the regions of the alimentary canal listed above, in relation to ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion of food.

B6.3 Digestion

New GCSE BBC Bitesize - Digestion
The Digestive System
1 Identify the types of human teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars).
2 Describe the structure of human teeth, limited to enamel, dentine, pulp, nerves and cement, as well as the gums.
3 Describe the functions of the types of human teeth in mechanical digestion of food.
5 State the causes of dental decay in terms of a coating of bacteria and food on teeth, the bacteria respiring sugars in the food, producing acid which dissolves the enamel and dentine.
4 Describe the proper care of teeth in terms of diet and regular brushing.
6 State the significance of chemical digestion in the alimentary canal in producing small, soluble molecules that can be absorbed
7 State the functions of enzymes as follows:

  • amylase breaks down starch to simpler sugars
  • protease breaks down protein to amino acids
  • lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol

8 State where, in the alimentary canal, amylase, protease and lipase are secreted
9 State the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to:

  • killing bacteria in food
  • giving an acid pH for enzymes

10 Explain the functions of the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, limited to the low pH:

  • denaturing enzymes in harmful microorganisms in food
  • giving the optimum pH for protease activity

11 Outline the role of bile in neutralising the acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from the stomach, to provide a suitable pH for enzyme action
12 Outline the role of bile in emulsifying fats to increase the surface area for the chemical
digestion of fat to fatty acids and glycerol by lipase
13 Explain the significance of villi in increasing the internal surface area of the small intestine
14 Describe the structure of a villus
15 Describe the roles of capillaries and lacteals in villi

3 - Plant nutrition and transport

B5 Plant nutrition

Preparing a Stomatal Peel Using Nail Polish and Tape
Cells in leaves GCSE Revision
Setting up a Photosynthometer
Photosynthesis.pptx
Light Intensity.ppt
Plant Gas Exchange Experiment.ppt
Proving Photosynthesis.ppt
Leaf Structure.ppt
Plant Transport.ppt
Minerals.ppt
BBC Bitesize - Photosynthesis and Plant Transport
Photosynthesis - Vivien Dao
Sources and Sinks in the Potato - Sucrose, Starch and Phloem.mp4 ·67
1 Define photosynthesis as the process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from light.
2 State the word equation for photosynthesis: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
3 State the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
4 Explain that chlorophyll transfers light energy into chemical energy in molecules, for the synthesis of carbohydrates.
5 Outline the subsequent use and storage of the carbohydrates made in photosynthesis.
6 Investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls.
7 Investigate and describe the effect of varying light intensity and temperature on the rate of photosynthesis (e.g. in submerged aquatic plants)
8 Identify chloroplasts, cuticle, guard cells and stomata, upper and lower epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles, xylem and phloem in leaves of a dicotyledonous plant.
9 Describe the significance of the features of a leaf in terms of functions:

  • palisade mesophyll and distribution of chloroplasts – photosynthesis
  • stomata, spongy mesophyll cells and guard cells – gas exchange
  • xylem for transport and support
  • phloem for support

10 Describe the importance of:

  • nitrate ions for making amino acids
  • magnesium ions for making chlorophyll.

11 Explain the effects of nitrate ion and magnesium ion deficiency on plant growth.

B7.1 Transport in plants

1 State the functions of xylem and phloem.
2 Identify the position of xylem and phloem as seen in sections of roots, stems and leaves, limited to non-woody dicotyledonous plants.

B7.1 Transport in plants (water uptake)

Setting up a Potometer
Water Uptake in Plants.mp4 ·67
3 Identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope, and state their functions.
4 Explain that the large surface area of root hairs increases the rate of the absorption of water
5 State the pathway taken by water through root, stem and leaf as root hair cell, root cortex cells, xylem and mesophyll cells.
6 Investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the above ground parts of a plant.

B7.1 Transport in plants (transpiration)

New GCSE BBC Bitesize - Diffusion and Osmosis
Transpiration.ppt
Transpiration Experiment.ppt
7 State that water is transported from the roots to leaves through the xylem vessels.
8 Define transpiration as loss of water vapour from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapour through the stomata.
9 Explain the mechanism by which water moves upwards in the xylem in terms of a transpiration pull, helping to create a water potential gradient that draws up a column of water molecules, held together by cohesion
10, 11 Investigate, describe and explain the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate.

B7.1 Transport in plants (translocation)

12 Define translocation in terms of the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem:

  • from regions of production (source)
  • to regions of storage OR to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)

4 - Respiration and the human transport system

B8.2 Respiration

Respiration.ppt
1 State the uses of energy in the body of humans limited to: muscle contraction, protein synthesis, growth and the maintenance of a constant body temperature

B8.2 Respiration (aerobic)

GCSE BBC Science Revision - Respiration
2 Define aerobic respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that use oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy
3 State the word equation for aerobic respiration as glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
4 State the balanced chemical equation for aerobic respiration as C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O.

B8.2 Respiration (anaerobic)

5 Define anaerobic respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen.
6 State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in muscles during vigorous exercise (glucose → lactic acid)
7 State that lactic acid builds up in muscles and blood during vigorous exercise causing an oxygen debt
8 State the word equation for anaerobic respiration in microorganism yeast (glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide)
9 Describe the role of anaerobic respiration in yeast during bread-making
10 State that anaerobic respiration releases much less energy per glucose molecule than aerobic respiration.

B8.1 Gas exchange

Lungs and Gas Exchange.ppt
Respiratory System
Respiratory System - Introduction - FuseSchool
Lung Pluck Respiratory System Dissection GCSE A Level Biology Practical Skills
Understanding COPD
1 Name and identify the lungs, diaphragm, ribs, intercostal muscles, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries
2 List the features of gas exchange surfaces in humans, limited to large surface area, thin surface, good blood supply and good ventilation with air
3, 4 State and explain the differences in composition between inspired and expired air (limited to oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapour )
5 Use limewater as a test for carbon dioxide to investigate the differences in composition between inspired and expired air
6, 7 Investigate, describe and explain the effects of physical activity on rate and depth of breathing in terms of the increased carbon dioxide concentration in the blood, detected by the brain, causing an increased rate of breathing
8 Explain the role of goblet cells, mucus and ciliated cells in protecting the gas exchange system from pathogens and particles.
9 State that tobacco smoking can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer and coronary heart disease.
10 Describe the effects on the gas exchange system of tobacco smoke and its major toxic components, limited to carbon monoxide, nicotine and tar.

B7.2 Transport in mammals

Circulatory Systems.ppt
Heart Disease and Other Problems.ppt
Components of Blood.ppt
Heart Dissection GCSE A Level Biology Practical Skills
The Heart and Circulatory System - How They Work
1 Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood
2 Describe the double circulation of a mammal
3 Explain the advantages of a double circulation
4 Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart; muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries.
5 State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins.
6 Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves.
9, 10 Investigate, state and explain the effect of physical activity on the pulse (heart) rate.
8 Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender
11, 12 Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries and explain how the structures are adapted for their functions.
7 Name the main blood vessels to and from the:

  • heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
  • lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein
  • kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal vein

13 List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.
14 Identify red and white blood cells as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs.
15 State the functions of the following components of blood:

  • red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin
  • white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production
  • platelets in clotting
  • plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide.

5 - Coordination, response and homeostasis

B9.1 Nervous control in humans

Nervous Organisation and Reflexes.ppt
Peg Face World Record - Start at 2 Min.
1 Describe a nerve impulse as an electrical signal that passes along nerve cells called neurones
2 Describe the human nervous system in terms of:

  • the central nervous system consisting of brain and spinal cord
  • the peripheral nervous system
  • coordination and regulation of body functions.

3 Distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions
4 Identify motor (effector), relay (connector) and sensory neurones from diagrams
5 Describe a simple reflex arc in terms of receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurones and effector
6 Describe a reflex action as a means of automatically and rapidly integrating and coordinating stimuli with the responses of effectors (muscles and glands)

B9.2 Sense organs

The Eye and Photoreceptors.ppt
Eye Dissection GCSE A Level Biology Practical Skills
Accommodation in the Eye
Control of Light Entering the Eye.mp4 ·67
1 Identify the structures of the eye, limited to cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina, optic nerve and blind spot
2 Describe the function of each part of the eye, limited to:

  • cornea – refracts light
  • iris – controls how much light enters pupil
  • lens – focuses light onto retina
  • retina – contains light receptors, some sensitive to light of different colours
  • optic nerve – carries impulses to the brain

3 Explain the pupil reflex in terms of light intensity and antagonistic action of circular and radial muscles in the iris
4 Explain accommodation to view near and distant objects in terms of the contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscles, tension in the suspensory ligaments, shape of the lens and refraction of light

B9.3 Hormones in humans

Hormones.ppt
1 Define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland and carried by the blood, which alters the activity of one or more specific target organs
2 Describe adrenaline as the hormone secreted in ‘fight or flight’ situations and its effects including; increased breathing and pulse rate and widened pupils
3 Give examples of situations in which adrenaline secretion increases
4 Discuss the role of the hormone adrenaline in the chemical control of metabolic activity, including increasing the blood glucose concentration
5 Compare nervous and hormonal control system in terms of speed and longevity of action

B9.5 Tropic responses

Pumpkin Growth Time-Lapse: From the Seed to the Mature Fruit in 108 Days and Nights
Tropisms.ppt
1 Define gravitropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from gravity
2 Define phototropism as a response in which parts of a plant grow towards or away from the direction from which light is coming
4 Investigate gravitropism and phototropism in shoots and roots
3 Explain phototropism and gravitropism of a shoot as examples of the chemical control of plant growth
5 Explain the role of auxin in controlling shoot growth, limited to:

  • auxin made in shoot tip (only)
  • auxin spreads through the plant from the shoot tip
  • auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity
  • auxin stimulates cell elongation
B9.4 Homeostasis

New GCSE BBC Bitesize - Homeostasis
GCSE Science Revision - How Insulin and Glucagon control Blood Sugar Levels - Homeostasis
Principles of Homeostasis and Thermoregulation.ppt
Blood Glucose Control and Diabetes.ppt
Tardigrades - The Toughest Animal on Earth
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction.mp4 ·67
Amino Acids to Urea.mp4 ·67
1 Define homeostasis as the maintenance of a constant internal environment
2 Explain that homeostasis is the control of internal conditions within set limits
3 Explain the concept of control by negative feedback
4 Describe the control of the glucose concentration of the blood by the liver and the roles of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas
5 Name and identify on a diagram of the skin: hairs, hair erector muscles, sweat glands, receptors, sensory neurones, blood vessels and fatty tissue
6, 7 Describe the maintenance of a constant internal body temperature in humans in terms of insulation, sweating, shivering and the role of the brain (limited to blood temperature receptors and coordination) and vasodilation and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying skin surface capillaries

6 - Reproduction in plants

B10.1 Asexual and sexual reproduction

Plant Reproduction.ppt
Bacteria Dividing - Binary Fission.
Pollination, Fertilization and Fruit Growth.mp4 ·67
1 Define asexual reproduction as a process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent
3 Identify examples of asexual reproduction from information provided
2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction to a population of a species in the wild

B11.2 Cell division

1 Define mitosis as nuclear division giving rise to genetically identical cells (details of stages are not required)
2 State that the exact duplication of chromosomes occurs before mitosis
3 State the role of mitosis in growth, repair of damaged tissues, replacement of cells and asexual reproduction

B10.1 Asexual and sexual reproduction

4, 5 Define sexual reproduction as a process involving the fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes (sex cells) to form a diploid zygote and the production of offspring that are genetically different from each other
6 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction to a population of a species in the wild

B11.2 Cell division

4 Define meiosis as reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid resulting in genetically different cells (details of stages are not required)
5 State that meiosis is involved in the production of gametes

B10.2 Sexual reproduction in plants

Flower to Fruit - Apple Timelapse
Bean to Plant - Kidney Bean Timelapse 25 days
1 Identify and draw, using a hand lens if necessary, the sepals, petals, stamens, filaments and anthers, carpels, style, stigma, ovary and ovules, of an insect-pollinated flower
3 State the functions of the sepals, petals, anthers, stigmas and ovaries
2 Use a hand lens to identify and describe the anthers and stigmas of a wind-pollinated flower
4 Distinguish between the pollen grains of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers
5 Define pollination as the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma
8 Describe the structural adaptations of insect-pollinated and wind-pollinated flowers.
7 State that fertilisation occurs when a pollen nucleus fuses with a nucleus in an ovule
9 Investigate and state the environmental conditions that affect germination of seeds, limited to the requirement for water, oxygen and a suitable temperature

7 - Human reproduction

B10.3 Sexual reproduction in humans

Human Reproduction - Basics.ppt
Menstrual-Cycle.ppt
Contraception, HIV, Aids and STIs STDS.ppt
1 Identify and name on diagrams of the male reproductive system: the testes, scrotum, sperm ducts, prostate gland, urethra and penis
2 State the functions of the parts of the male reproductive system limited to:

  • testes – production of male gametes (sperm)
  • scrotum – sac that holds the testes outside the body
  • sperm ducts – transfer sperm to the urethra
  • prostate gland – secrete fl uids for sperm to swim in forming semen
  • urethra – carries urine and semen out of the body
  • penis – transfers semen to vagina during sexual intercourse

3 Identify and name on diagrams of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and vagina
4 State the functions of the parts of the female reproductive system limited to:

  • ovaries – release of female gametes (eggs)
  • oviducts – transfers egg to uterus and the
  • site of fertilisation
  • uterus – where the fetus develops
  • cervix – ring of muscle at the opening of the uterus
  • vagina – receives penis during sexual intercourse

5 Describe fertilisation as the fusion of the nuclei from a male gamete (sperm) and a female gamete (egg cell/ovum).
6 Compare male and female gametes in terms of size, structure, motility and numbers
7 State the adaptive features of sperm, limited to flagellum and the presence of enzymes
8 State the adaptive features of egg cells, limited to energy stores and a jelly coating that changes at fertilisation
9 Describe the menstrual cycle in terms of changes in the ovaries and in the lining of the uterus
10 State that in early development, the zygote forms an embryo which is a ball of cells that implants into the wall of the uterus
11 State the functions of the amniotic sac and amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord
12 Describe the function of the placenta and umbilical cordin relation to exchange of dissolved nutrients, gases and excretory products and providing a barrier to toxins (structural details are not required).
13 State that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
14 Describe the methods of transmission of HIV
15 Explain how the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is controlled

8 - Inheritance and evolution

B11.1 Chromosomes and genes

Inheritance - DNA and Genes.ppt
GCSE Science Revision - Chromosomes
1 Define inheritance as the transmission of genetic information from generation to generation
2 Define chromosome as a thread-like structure of DNA, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
3 Define gene as a length of DNA that codes for a protein
4 Define allele as a version of a gene
5 Describe the inheritance of sex in humans with reference to XX and XY chromosomes
6 Define a haploid nucleus as a nucleus containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, e.g. in gametes
7 Define a diploid nucleus as a nucleus containing two sets of chromosomes, e.g. in body cells
8 State that in a diploid cell, chromosomes are arranged in pairs and in a human diploid cell there are 23 pairs

B11.3 Monohybrid inheritance

Monohybrid Crosses.ppt
New GCSE BBC Bitesize - Inheritance
1 Define genotype as the genetic make-up of an organism in terms of the alleles present.
2 Define phenotype as the observable features of an organism.
3 Define homozygous as having two identical alleles of a particular gene.
4 State that two identical homozygous individuals that breed together will be pure-breeding.
5 Define heterozygous as having two different alleles of a particular gene.
6 State that a heterozygous individual will not be pure-breeding
7 Define dominant as an allele that is expressed if it is present.
8 Define recessive as an allele that is only expressed when there is no dominant allele of the gene present
9 Use genetic diagrams to predict the results of monohybrid crosses and calculate phenotypic ratios, limited to 1:1 and 3:1 ratios
10 Use Punnett squares in crosses which result in more than one genotype to work out and show the possible different genotypes
11 Interpret pedigree diagrams for the inheritance of a given characteristic

B11.4 Variation and selection

Variation.ppt
1 Define variation as differences between individuals of the same species.
2 Distinguish between phenotypic variation and genetic variation.
3 State that phenotypic variation is caused by both genetic and environmental factors.
4 State that continuous variation results in a range of phenotypes between two extremes, e.g. height in humans
5 State that discontinuous variation is mostly caused by genes alone, e.g. A, B, AB and O blood groups in humans
6 State that discontinuous variation results in a limited number of phenotypes with no intermediates, e.g. tongue rolling
7 Record and present the results of investigations into continuous and discontinuous variation
Mutations and Sickle Cell Anaemia.ppt
8 Define mutation as a change in a gene or chromosome
9 State that ionising radiation and some chemicals increase the rate of mutation
Adaptive Features.ppt
Natural and Artificial Selection.ppt
10 Describe natural selection with reference to:

  • variation within populations
  • production of many offspring
  • competition for resources
  • struggle for survival
  • reproduction by individuals that are better adapted to the environment than others
  • passing on of their alleles to the next generation

11 Describe evolution as the change in adaptive features of a population over time as the result of natural selection
12 Define the process of adaptation as the process, resulting from natural selection, by which populations become more suited to their environment over many generations
13 Describe the development of strains of antibiotic resistant bacteria as an example of evolution by natural selection
14 Describe selective breeding with reference to:

  • selection by humans of individuals with desirable features
  • crossing these individuals to produce the next generation
  • selection of offspring showing the desirable features

15 State the differences between natural and artificial selection.
16 Outline how selective breeding by artificial selection is carried out over many generations to improve crop plants and domesticated animals

9 - Organisms and environment

B12 Organisms and their environment

Organisms and their Environment.ppt
1 State that the Sun is the principal source of energy input to biological systems.
2 Define the terms:

  • food chain as showing the transfer of energy from one organism to the next, beginning with a producer
  • food web as a network of interconnected food chains
  • producer as an organism that makes its own organic nutrients, usually using energy from sunlight, through photosynthesis
  • consumer as an organism that gets its energy by feeding on other organisms
  • herbivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating plants
  • carnivore as an animal that gets its energy by eating other animals
  • decomposer as an organism that gets its energy from dead or waste organic matter

4 Describe how energy is transferred between trophic levels
3 Define the terms:

  • ecosystem as a unit containing all of the organisms and their environment, interacting together, e.g. a lake
  • trophic level as the position of an organism in a food chain or food web

6 Construct simple food chains
7 Interpret food chains and food webs in terms of identifying producers and consumers
8 State that consumers may be classed as primary, secondary and tertiary according to their position in a food chain
9 Identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers and quaternary consumers as the trophic levels in food webs, and food chains
5 Explain why food chains usually have fewer than five trophic levels

B13 Human influences on ecosystems

AQA GCSE BBC Bitesize - The Carbon Cycle
1 Describe the carbon cycle, limited to photosynthesis, respiration, feeding, decomposition, fossilisation and combustion
2 Discuss the effects of the combustion of fossil fuels and the cutting down of forests on the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere
3, 4 List and explain the undesirable effects of deforestation as an example of habitat destruction, to include extinction, loss of soil, flooding and increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
5 State the sources and effects of pollution of water (rivers, lakes and the sea) by chemical waste, discarded rubbish, untreated sewage and fertilisers
6 Explain the process of eutrophication of water in terms of:

  • increased availability of nitrate and other ions
  • increased growth of producers
  • increased decomposition after death of producers
  • increased aerobic respiration by decomposers
  • reduction in dissolved oxygen
  • death of organisms requiring dissolved oxygen in water
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